An important part of academic writing is to cite or quote the sources.With the use for proper Harvard references you can indicated that the contents in the document has been thoroughly researched and holds solid credibility.
Harvard referencing style has been the most adopted referencing style for academic documents at numerous universities all around the world. Most of the types of referencing systems are centred on guides issued by educational societies or publishers. Harvard referencing style however is not one of those. It doesn’t have a set of guidelines or a manual and thus, Harvardreferencingformat doesn't have one but many variants. There are small differences between the different versions and the use of punctuation is mainly concerned.It is crucial to pay close attention to conformity if the criteria vary within the same reference type, as is the case with Harvard.
Brief summary of Harvard referencing history
The Harvard referencing system dates back all the way to 1880. In 1880, the professor of zoology at Harvard at the time utilised parenthesis for the first time to give references and ever since then it has evolved into the complex but efficient parenthetical author-date referencing format we recognize today.
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How to cite different sources in Harvard referencing style?
Let us look at the different syntax you should use while citing the quotes from different sources.
- Book: Last name, First initial. (Year published). Chapter title. In: First initial. Last name, ed., Book Title, 1st ed.* City: Publisher, Page(s).
- Print Journals: Last name, First initial. (Year published). Article title. Journal, Volume (Issue), Page(s).
- Online Journals: Last name, First initial. (Year published). Article Title. Journal, [online] Volume(Issue), pages. Available at: URL [Accessed Day Mo. Year].
- Newpaper: Last name, First initial. (Year published). Article title. Newspaper, Page(s).
- Online Newspaper: Last name, First initial. (Year published). Article title. Newspaper, [online] pages. Available at: url [Accessed Day Mo. Year].
- Print Magazine: Last name, First initial. (Year published). Article title. Magazine, (Volume), Page(s).
- Website: Last name, First initial (Year published). Page title. [online] Website name. Available at: URL [Accessed Day Mo. Year].
- E-Book: Last name, First initial. (Year published). Title. Edition. [format] City: Publisher, page(s). Available at: URL [Accessed Day Mo. Year].
- Artwork: Last name, First initial. (Year created). Title. [Medium]. City that the artwork is/was displayed in: Gallery or Museum.
- Blog: Last name, First initial. (Year published). Post title. [Blog] Blog name. Available at: URL [Accessed Day Mo. Year].
- Broadcast: Series title, (Year published). [Type of Programme] Channel number: Broadcaster.
- Conference: Last name, First initial. (Conference Year). Title of Paper or Proceedings. In: Name or Title of Conference. [online] City: Publisher of the Proceedings, pages. Available at: URL [Accessed Day Mo. Year].
- Court Case: Case name [Year published]Report abbreviation Volume number (Name or abbreviation of court); First page of court case.
- Dictionary Entry: Last name, First initial. (Year published). Entry title. In: Dictionary Title, Edition. City: Publisher, page.
- Dissertation: Last name, First initial. (Year published). Dissertation title. Academic Level of the Author. Name of University, College, or Institution.
- Electronic Media: Film title. (Year published). [Format] Place of origin: Film maker.
- Email: Sender’s Last name, First initial. (Year published). Subject Line of Email. [email].
- Government Publication: Government Agency OR Last name, First Initial., (Year published). Title of Document or Article. City published: Publisher, Page(s).
- Interview: Last name of Interviewer, First initial. and Last name of Interviewee, First initial. (Year of Interview). Title or Description of Interview.
- Recordings: Performer or Writer’s Last name, First initial. (Year published). Recording title. [Online] City published: Music Label. Available at: URL [Accessed Day Mo. Year].
- Patents: Last name, First initial. OR Corporate Author (Year published). Title or Description of Patent. Patent number.
- Software: Corporate Author, (Year published). Title.
Edited Book:
Frequently Asked Questions about the Harvard referencing format
Let us answer various questions people have while using the Harvard referencing format for methodology:
✍ How to cite multiple authors?
In case of multiple authors. If there are up to three authors, then you shall write the surnames of each of them in parenthesis followed by the rest of the information like year of publication.
If the number of authors exceeds 3, then write the surname of the first author, followed by “et. Al.” which is a Latin abbreviation which points toward the presence of multiple authors.
✍ How do I cite if I don’t know the name of the author?
If in case you cannot find the name of the author of a certain publication or an article, then you can write title of the said article instead of the name, followed by year of publication in parenthesis.
✍ How to cite multiple references from the same author in the same year?
If there are more that one articles of pieces of reference from the same author in same year, that you can give each of the citation, and separate each citation by use the small alphabetic number.
For eg: (Potter, 1996a, p.167), (Potter, 1996b, p.23)
✍ How can I cite with the date of publication?
Not just the date of publication, in case there is any detail about reference that you cannot find and it is absolutely crucial that you use that specific reference then you can simply omit that detail and use the remaining syntax. Though it not advised to do so if you can find that detail or if there is a substitution.
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Hope this article provided with some basics of Harvard referencing format, the different syntaxes for each type of source and how it came into being. As an overview clarified all your doubts regarding Harvard referencing style.
